VIDEO 2. Anatomy and Biomechanics

In an anatomical position, a person standing has three main planes: the sagittal plane, frontal plane, and horizontal plane. In the sagittal plane, flexion-extension, dorsiflexion-plantar flexion, forward and backward bending movements are performed. In the frontal plane, abduction-adduction, lateral flexion, ulnar-radial deviation, inversion, and eversion movements take place. In the horizontal plane, internal-external rotation and axial rotation movements occur.

Understanding these planes is important to comprehend spinal movements. The cervical, thoracic, and lumbar parts of the spine perform flexion-extension in the sagittal plane, lateral flexion in the frontal plane, and axial rotation in the horizontal plane.

When examining joint movements in our body, we encounter three fundamental arthrokinetic movements; roll, slide and spin. Besides these movements, forces or loads can lead to tension, compression, bending, shearing, torsion, and combined loading in the musculoskeletal system. It should be noted that the spine also has osteokinetic movements parallel to these.

Looking at the fundamental movements of the spine and the muscle groups managing our posture and their interactions, the trunk-back muscles, core, and stabilizer muscles stand out. Muscle activations come in three types: isometric, concentric, and eccentric, ensuring the execution of proper joint movements. Proper muscle functions and interaction allow smooth movement and the establishment of correct posture alignment.