A goal leading to improving motion analysis and therapy

The sequence of motor development in infants is predictable, but the rate of development can vary (Gallahue & Ozmun, 2012). In this lesson, we will focus on a child with no previously diagnosed medical conditions. Our goal is to detect possible developmental delays related to motor functions through observation.

Traditionally, motor development evaluation relies on a neurodevelopmental model that assumes a fixed pace and sequence dictated by central nervous system maturity. However, several factors, such as growth rate, environment, genetics, and muscle tone, affect motor development. One of the most important indicators for further examination is caregiver concern about a child’s development. Using the corrected age is essential for premature babies when evaluating motor milestones (Tecklin, J.S. 2015).

Motor skills in typical development progress in a specific sequence:

• Cephalic to caudal: Development proceeds from the head down (control of the head and neck before control of the legs).
• Proximal to distal: Development proceeds from the core (trunk) outwards (shoulders and arms before hands and fingers).
• Generalized to specific, goal-oriented reactions: Movements become more refined and purposeful.

These neurodevelopmental sequences are often described in terms of traditional developmental milestones. If the child has achieved previous motor milestones on time, by 6 months, infants develop the ability to adapt their posture to specific situations. They can roll around their body’s longitudinal axis and support their upper limbs with unfolded hands while lying on their stomachs (prone position). This indicates readiness for a quadrupedal stance (on hands and knees) (Kuchler O’Shea, Roberta, 2009).

Observing motor development or detecting developmental delays also includes evaluating muscle tone (the infant’s ability to resist gravity) and reflexes. An infant’s vitality, or energy level, is also essential for evaluation as it can significantly impact their performance. Consider how the child reacts to the environment and interacts with their surroundings.

The goal of a neurodevelopmental evaluation for milestones is to detect severe abnormalities in motor and cognitive development. Regardless of the reason for referral to a physiotherapist, the caregiver’s concerns should always be addressed, and the infant’s status should be carefully explained in detail to meet their information needs (Kuchler O’Shea, Roberta, 2009).

In this lesson, you will learn about using observation to evaluate infant motor development. You’ll also learn the decision-making process, from conducting the evaluation to communicating your findings to caregivers. We’ll cover how to differentiate between normal variations in motor development and developmental delays that require further examination and consultation.

Additionally, the e-manual includes detailed motor milestones for 6 months of age (including examples of sequences).